Perfusión 2D por angiografía en oclusión arterial periférica. Método de evaluación inmediato posproceder / 2D perfusion by angiography in peripheral arterial occlusion. Post-procedural immediate evaluation method

La enfermedad arterial periférica se considera la mayor causa de hospitalización, con riesgo de amputación de la extremidad afectada y muerte debido a la enfermedad per se o sus complicaciones. Se reporta la experiencia del tratamiento a un paciente con macroangiopatía diabética, estenosis del 64 por ciento de la arteria ilíaca izquierda y afectación de los segmentos fémoro-poplíteos bilaterales, al cual, a través de un acceso percutáneo vía arteria braquial izquierda, se le realizó revascularización mediante la implantación de stent de cromo-cobalto liberado por balón catéter. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la utilidad del 2D-ASD y su valor como herramienta para determinar el transproceder y la repercusión en el flujo sanguíneo de la revascularización realizada, y establecer un pronóstico funcional para el paciente. Se utilizó la angiografía por perfusión bidimensional como herramienta para evaluar el éxito técnico del proceder y la repercusión inmediata en la perfusión distal de la extremidad afecta, y describir la utilidad de la escala paramétrica de colores y las curvas de densidad en función del tiempo obtenidos en el estudio(AU)

Peripheral artery disease is considered the leading cause of hospitalization, with risk of amputation of the affected limb and death due to the disease per se or its complications. It is reported the experience of treatment in a patient with diabetic macroangiopathy, stenosis of 64 precent of the left iliac artery and involvement of the bilateral femoro-popliteal segments, to which, through a percutaneous access via the left brachial artery, revascularization was performed through the implantation of cobalt-chromium stent released by balloon catheter. The objective of this study was to describe the usefulness of 2D-ASD and its value as a tool to determine the trans-procedure and the impact on blood flow of the revascularization performed, and to establish a functional prognosis for the patient. Two-dimensional perfusion angiography was used as a tool to evaluate the technical success of the procedure and the immediate impact on distal perfusion of the affected limb, and to describe the usefulness of the parametric color scale and density curves as a function of the time obtained in the study(AU)

Fatores associados a anormalidades na cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica de pacientes diabéticos / Factors associated with abnormalities on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in diabetic patients

O diabetes melito é o maior fator de risco para doença arterial coronariana. Além da longa duração de diabetes, outros fatores, como presença de doença arterial periférica e tabagismo são fortes preditores para anormalidades na cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto dos fatores de risco de pacientes diabéticos nos resultados da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio e comparar com os resultados de pacientes não diabéticos em uma clínica de medicina nuclear. Foi realizado um estudo transversal retrospectivo por meio da análise de prontuários de pacientes que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica no período de 2010 a 2019. Foram avaliados 34.736 prontuários. Analisando a fase de estresse da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio, os portadores de diabetes melito precisaram receber estímulo farmacológico duas vezes mais que os não diabéticos para sua realização. Também foram avaliados fatores que tivessem impacto negativo no resultado da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio, e foi visto que o diabetes melito (33,6%), a insulinoterapia (18,1%), a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (69,9%), a dislipidemia (53%), o sedentarismo (83,1%), o uso de estresse farmacológico (50,6%), a dor torácica típica (8,5%) e a angina limitante durante o teste (1,7%) estiveram associados significativamente (p<0,001) a anormalidades neste exame. (AU)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the greatest risk factor for coronary artery disease. In addition to a long duration of diabetes, the presence of peripheral arterial disease and smoking are strong predictors of abnormalities on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). This study aimed to assess the impact of risk factors in diabetic patients on MPS results and compare them with those of non-diabetic patients in a nuclear medicine clinic. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed through the analysis of the medical records of patients who underwent MPS in 2010­2019. A total of 34,736 medical records were evaluated. Analyzing the stress phase of MPS, DM patients required two-fold more pharmacological stimulation than non-diabetic patients for MPS. Factors that negatively impact the MPS results were also evaluated, and DM (33.6%), insulin therapy (18.1%), systemic arterial hypertension (69.9%), dyslipidemia (53%), sedentary lifestyle (83.1%), use of pharmacological stress (50.6%), typical chest pain (8.5%), and limiting angina during the test (1.7%) were significantly associated (p < 0.001) with test abnormalities. (AU)

Pesquisa de enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Screening for asymptomatic peripheral artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus modifica la historia natural de la aterosclerosis. Por ello, la repercusión de este proceso en los diferentes lechos vasculares constituye la principal causa de morbimortalidad en estos pacientes. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, su relación con otras variables clínicas de la diabetes y las complicaciones de la enfermedad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el policlínico Cerro con un total de 100 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en edades comprendidas entre 40 y 70 años en el período de un año (2019), sin diagnóstico previo de enfermedad arterial periférica ni lesiones en los pies. Se examinaron los pulsos periféricos de miembros inferiores y se calculó el índice de presiones tobillo-brazo. Resultados: Se identificaron 36 pacientes con índices bajos, lo que fue consistente con una enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática (36 por ciento). El tabaquismo se relacionó de forma significativa con la presencia de índices bajos (p = 0,02), pero no hubo diferencias significativas con respecto a la edad, el sexo, el color de la piel, el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, la actividad física, la hipertensión arterial y la obesidad. La mayoría de los pacientes tuvo una afectación ligera en cuanto a la severidad. Conclusiones: La enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática es una complicación frecuente en las personas con diabetes de tipo 2(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus modifies the natural history of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the impact of this process on the different vascular beds is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Objectives: Determine the frequency of asymptomatic peripheral artery disease in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, its relationship with other clinical variables of diabetes and complications of the disease. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Cerro polyclinic with a total of 100 type 2 diabetic patients aged between 40 and 70 years in a period of one year (2019), without prior diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease or foot injuries. Peripheral pulses of the lower limbs were examined and the ankle-brachial pressure index was calculated. Results: 36 patients with low rates were identified, which was consistent with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease (36 percent). Smoking habit was significantly related to the presence of low rates (p = 0.02), but there were no significant differences with respect to age, sex, skin color, time of evolution of diabetes, consumption of alcoholic beverages, physical activity, high blood pressure and obesity. Most patients had a slight affectation regarding severity. Conclusions: Asymptomatic peripheral artery disease is a common complication in people with type 2 diabetes(AU)

Impact of hypertension on arterial stiffness and cardiac autonomic modulation in patients with peripheral artery disease: a cross-sectional study / Impacto da hipertensão na rigidez arterial e modulação autonômica cardíaca em pacientes com doença arterial periférica: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the impact of hypertension on cardiovascular health in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease and to identify factors associated with uncontrolled hypertension. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 251 patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (63.9% males, mean age 67±10 years). Following hypertension diagnosis, blood pressure was measured to determine control of hypertension. Arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) and cardiac autonomic modulation (sympathovagal balance) were assessed. Results: Hypertension was associated with higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, regardless of sex, age, ankle-brachial index, body mass index, walking capacity, heart rate, or comorbidities (ß=2.59±0.76m/s, b=0.318, p=0.003). Patients with systolic blood pressure ≥120mmHg had higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity values than normotensive individuals, and hypertensive patients with systolic blood pressure of ≤119mmHg (normotensive: 7.6±2.4m/s=≤119mmHg: 8.1±2.2m/s 120-129mmHg:9.8±2.6m/s=≥130mmHg: 9.9±2.9m/s, p<0.005). Sympathovagal balance was not associated with hypertension (p>0.05). Conclusion: Hypertensive patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease have increased arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffness is even greater in patients with uncontrolled high blood pressure.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a influência da hipertensão na saúde cardiovascular em pacientes com doença arterial periférica sintomática, e identificar fatores associados à hipertensão arterial não controlada. Métodos: Neste estudo transversal foram incluídos 251 pacientes com doença arterial periférica (63,9% homens e média de idade 67±10 anos). Hipertensão foi diagnosticada e pressão arterial foi avaliada para determinar o controle da hipertensão. Foram avaliadas rigidez arterial (velocidade da onda de pulso carótida-femoral) e modulação autonômica cardíaca (balanço simpatovagal). Resultados: Hipertensão foi associada com maior velocidade da onda de pulso carótida-femoral, independentemente do sexo, idade, índice tornozelo-braço, índice de massa corpórea, capacidade de deambulação, frequência cardíaca, ou comorbidades (ß=2,59±0,76m/s, b=0,318, p=0,003). Pacientes com pressão arterial sistólica ≥120mmHg tiveram maior velocidadeda onda de pulso carótida-femoral do que normotensos, e pacientes hipertensos com pressão arterial sistólica ≤119mmHg (normotensos: 7,6±2,4m/s=≤119mmHg: 8,1±2,2m/s 120-129mmHg: 9,8±2,6m/s=≥130mmHg: 9,9±2,9m/s, p<0,005). Balanço simpatovagal não foi associado à hipertensão. Conclusão: Pacientes hipertensos com doença arterial periférica sintomática apresentam maior rigidez arterial. Em pacientes com pressão arterial não controlada, a rigidez arterial é ainda mais elevada.

Repercussão da doença arterial periférica na tolerância ao exercício e na qualidade de vida de idosos e o papel da fisioterapia cardiovascular: artigo de revisão / The impact of peripheral arterial disease on exercise tolerance and quality of life in the elderly and the role of cardiovascular physiotherapy: review article

Resumo A doença arterial periférica tem como principal sintoma a claudicação intermitente, fator que resulta em incapacidade funcional, comprometendo a qualidade de vida. Esta revisão objetivou fazer um levantamento sobre os impactos ocasionado pela doença nos idosos, investigando as possíveis contribuições da fisioterapia cardiovascular. Para isso, realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, Science Direct e PEDro, a qual identificou 7.587 estudos. Desses, sete atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade, sendo então agrupados e analisados conforme o nível de evidência, grau de recomendação e qualidade metodológica. Pôde-se observar um considerável impacto da doença sobre a tolerância ao exercício e a qualidade de vida. Quanto à abordagem terapêutica desses desfechos, os estudos relataram que houve melhora na deambulação e na qualidade de vida, aumento da capacidade funcional e redução da dor. No que se refere à modalidade de tratamento, a maioria das pesquisas incluíram exercícios aeróbicos.

Abstract The primary symptom of peripheral arterial its intermittent claudication; a condition that causes functional disabilities, compromising quality of life. This review aimed to survey the impacts of this disease on the elderly, investigating possible contributions that cardiovascular physiotherapy has to offer. Searches were run on the MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, Science Direct, and PEDro databases, identifying 7,587 studies. Seven of these met the eligibility criteria and were grouped and analyzed according evidence level, recommendation grade, and methodological quality. It was observed that this disease is responsible for considerable impact on exercise tolerance and quality of life. Regarding the therapeutic approach to these outcomes, the studies reported that there were improvements in walking and quality of life, increased functional capacity, and reduced pain. With regard to the treatment modality, most research included aerobic exercises.

Enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática en personas con diabetes de tipo 2 / Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in people with type 2 diabetes

Introducción: La enfermedad arterial periférica es una complicación frecuente y devastadora en personas con diabetes. Esta puede evidenciarse desde los estadios de prediabetes; sin embargo, no está establecido cuándo realizar la pesquisa de los pacientes adultos jóvenes asintomáticos y con poco tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar la enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2 con menos de 10 años de evolución. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico-transversal en 190 pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2 entre 40 y 60 años y menos de 10 años de evolución de la diabetes. La selección tuvo en cuenta, a partir de septiembre de 2017, a los pacientes ingresados en el Centro de Atención al Diabético del Instituto de Endocrinología sin diagnóstico previo de enfermedad arterial periférica; y este se realizó a partir del índice de presiones tobillo-brazo. Resultados: El 6,3 por ciento (n = 12) presentaba una enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las variables estudiadas (edad, sexo, color de la piel y tiempo de evolución de la diabetes; también aquellas a partir de los resultados del ITB) y la presencia de la enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática, que se relacionó de forma significativa con la presencia de cardiopatía isquémica. La afectación arterial fue ligera en todos los pacientes identificados y se asoció con la cardiopatía isquémica; no sucedió así con otras variables clínicas en estudio. Tampoco la combinación de estas últimas aumentó el riesgo de aparición de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: La enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática constituye una complicación poco frecuente en las personas menores de 60 años y con menos de 10 años de evolución de la diabetes(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral arterial disease is a frequent and devastating complication in people with diabetes. This condition can appear from prediabetes stages; however, it is not established when to carry out the screening of asymptomatic young adult patients with short time of evolution of the disease. Objective: To characterize asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with 190 diabetic patients with type 2 diabetes aged 40-60 years and with less than ten years of evolution of the disease. The selection included, as of September 2017, the patients admitted to the Diabetic Care Center of the Institute of Endocrinology without prior diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease. The diagnosis was done based on the ankle/arm pressure index. Results: 6.3 percent (n=12) had asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. There were no significant differences between the variables studied and the occurrence of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease, which was significantly related to the presence of ischemic heart disease. Arterial involvement was slight in all the patients identified and was associated with ischemic heart disease; this was not the case with other clinical variables under study. Neither did the combination of these variables increase the risk for the onset of the disease. Conclusions: Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is a rare complication in diabetic people under 60 years of age and with less than ten years of evolution of the disease(AU)

Riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 según LA FINDRISC y enfermedad arterial periférica / Risk of developing type 2 diabetes according to LA FINDRISC and peripheral arterial disease

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) representa un problema de salud pública, debido a su alta incidencia y prevalencia en el mundo. Un método para evaluar el riesgo de desarrollar DM2 es la escala Latin American Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (LA FINDRISC). La DM2 es un factor de riesgo de enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) la cual puede ser diagnosticada mediante el índice tobillo-brazo (ITB). Objetivo: evaluar la presencia y severidad de enfermedad arterial periférica mediante ITB y relacionarlo con el riesgo de desarrollar DM2 según LA FINDRISC. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, correlacional, de corte transversal. Se evaluaron 134 personas y se les midió glicemia capilar para descartar diabetes. Posteriormente, se realizó el LA FINDRISC y el ITB. Resultados: El puntaje LA FINDRISC y la glicemia alteradas en ayunas aumentaron proporcionalmente (R2=0,5). Esta relación no se observó entre LA FINDRISC y el ITB arrojado por la población general. Sin embargo, al seleccionar los pacientes con vasos no comprimibles aparece una correlación positiva (R2=0,36) entre los dos instrumentos diagnósticos. Conclusión: LA FINDRISC y el ITB son instrumentos de diagnósticos no invasivo, sencillos y válidos para detectar riesgo de desarrollar DM2, y detectar presencia y severidad de enfermedad arterial periférica, respectivamente(AU)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) represents a public health problem, due to its high incidence and prevalence in the world. One method to assess the risk of developing DM2 is the Latin American Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (LA FINDRISC) scale. DM2 is a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) which can be diagnosed using the ankle-brachial index (ABI). Objective: to evaluate the presence and severity of peripheral arterial disease using ABI and to relate it to the risk of developing DM2 according to LA FINDRISC. Methods: descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study. 134 people were evaluated, and capillary glycemia was measured to rule out diabetes. Subsequently, the LA FINDRISC and the ITB were held. Results: The LA FINDRISC score and impaired fasting blood glucose increased proportionally (R2 = 0.5). This relationship was not observed between LA FINDRISC and the ITB showed by the general population. However, when selecting patients with non-compressible vessels, a positive correlation (R2 = 0.36) appears between the two diagnostic instruments. Conclusion: FINDRISC and ITB are simple and valid non-invasive diagnostic instruments to detect the risk of developing DM2, and detect the presence and severity of peripheral arterial disease, respectively(AU)

Riesgo coronario en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica tributarios de tratamiento quirúrgico / Coronary risk in patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing surgical treatments

Introducción: Los pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica sometidos a cirugía vascular no cardíaca programada presentan un riesgo significativo de complicaciones cardiovasculares, debido a la enfermedad cardíaca sintomática o asintomática subyacente. Objetivo: Valorar el riesgo coronario en los pacientes tributarios de cirugía vascular no cardíaca. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo en 35 pacientes del Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. El período de estudio osciló entre octubre de 2013 y mayo de 2016. Las variables cualitativas se expresaron como frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Se evaluó la asociación entre las variables mediante el test de Fischer, se usó el coeficiente de Pearson para relacionar los valores del índice de presiones tobillo brazo y los niveles del calcio score. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino y la edad menor de 60 años. El tabaquismo y la hipertensión arterial fueron los factores de riesgo de mayor frecuencia. A pesar de no existir diferencia significativa (p = 0,563) al asociar el calcio score y el índice de presiones tobillo-brazo, sí existió una correlación lineal negativa entre ellos. Las complicaciones perioperatorias presentadas en el grupo de moderado-alto riesgo quirúrgico fueron la fibrilación ventricular, el infarto agudo de miocardio y el paro cardíaco. Conclusiones: La valoración del riesgo coronario es una herramienta útil en la detección de lesiones coronarias significativas que pueden favorecer la aparición de complicaciones perioperatorias en los pacientes que son tributarios de tratamiento quirúrgico revascularizador no cardíaco(AU)

Introduction: Patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing scheduled non-cardiac vascular surgery present a significant risk of cardiovascular complications due to underlying symptomatic or asymptomatic heart disease. Objective: To assess coronary risk in patients eligible for non-cardiac vascular surgery. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was carried out in 35 patients of the Angiology and Vascular Surgery service in Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital. The study was conducted between October 2013 and May 2016. Qualitative variables were summarized as absolute and relative frequencies. It was assessed the association between the variables using the Fischer´s test; Pearson´s coefficient was used to relate the values of the index of ankle- arm pressure and the levels of calcium score. Results: Male sex predominated; and ages less than 60 years. Smoking habit and high blood pressure were the most common risk factors. Although there is no significant difference (p= 0,563) when associating the calcium score and the ankle-brachial pressure index, there was a negative linear correlation between them. The peri-operative complications presented in the moderate to high surgical risk group were ventricular fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest. Conclusions: Identification of coronary risk is a useful tool in the detection of significant coronary lesions that may favor the emergence of peri-operative complications in patients who are scheduled for non-cardiac revascularization's surgical treatment(AU)

Prevalence of carotid stenosis and incidence of ischemic stroke in patients undergoing non-coronary cardiac surgery

Abstract Introduction: Many publications on coronary surgery and carotid stenosis (CS) can be found, but we do not have enough information about the relationship between ischemic stroke, CS and non-coronary cardiac surgery. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with the stroke and CS ≥50% in patients undergoing non-coronary surgeries. Objectives: We assessed 241 patients, aged 40 years or older, between 2009 and 2016, operated in Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ponta Grossa-PR, Brazil. We perform carotid Doppler in patients 40 years of age or older before any cardiac surgery as a routine. The incidence and possible risk factors for CS ≥50% and perioperative stroke were analyzed by univariate statistical analysis. Results: 11 patients (4.56%) presented perioperative stroke. The risk factor for stroke was CS ≥50%: OR=5.3750 (1.2909-22.3805), P=0.0208. Eighteen patients (7.46%) had CS ≥50% and their risk factors were extracardiac arteriopathy: OR=18.6607 (6.3644-54.7143), P<0.0001; COPD: OR=3.9040 (1.4491-10.5179), P=0.0071; diabetes mellitus: OR=2.9844 (1.0453-8.5204), P=0.0411; recent myocardial infarction: OR=13.8125 (1.8239-104.6052), P=0.0110; EuroSCORE II higher P=0.0056. Conclusion: The incidences of stroke and CS ≥50% were 4.56% and 7.46%, respectively. The risk factor for stroke was CS ≥50% and for CS ≥50% were extracardiac arteriopathy, COPD, diabetes mellitus, recent myocardial infarction and higher EuroSCORE II.

Clinical Characteristics and Adverse Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients with a History of Peripheral Arterial Disease / Características Clínicas e Eventos Adversos em Pacientes com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda e História de Doença Arterial Periférica

Abstract Background: In clinical observation, patients with acute coronary syndrome complicated with peripheral artery disease have poor prognosis, so the relationship between the diseases and clinical characteristics need to be further explored. Objective: This study aims to investigate clinical characteristics and independent risk factors for in-hospital adverse events in acute coronary syndrome patients with a history of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods: A total of 5,682 patients with acute coronary syndrome were included into this study. These patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of a history of PAD: PAD group (n = 188), and non-PAD (control) group (n = 5,494). Then, the clinical characteristics and incidence of in-hospital adverse events were analyzed; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The age of PAD patients was higher than that in the control group (65.5 ± 10.3 years vs. 58.6 ± 11 years, p < 0.001), and the proportion of PAD patients with diabetes history and stroke history was higher than that in the control group (73 [39%] vs. 1472 [26.8%], p = 0.018; 36 [19.3%] vs. 396 [7.2%], p < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis between groups based on in-hospital adverse events revealed that a history of PAD (OR = 1.791, p = 0.01), a history of diabetes (OR = 1.223, p = 0.001), and age of > 65 years old (OR = 4.670, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for in-hospital adverse events. Conclusion: A history of PAD, advanced age, and a history of diabetes are independent risk factors for in-hospital adverse events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Resumo Fundamento: Na observação clínica, os pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda com doença arterial periférica têm prognóstico ruim, portanto, a relação entre as doenças e as características clínicas precisa ser mais explorada. Objetivos: Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar características clínicas e fatores de risco independentes para eventos adversos hospitalares em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda e história de doença arterial periférica (DAP). Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 5682 pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência de DAP prévia: grupo DAP (n = 188) e grupo sem DAP (n = 5494, grupo controle). Em seguida, foram analisadas características clínicas e a incidência de eventos adversos hospitalares nesses grupos; um p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: A idade dos pacientes com DAP foi maior que a idade do grupo controle (65,5 ± 10,3 anos vs. 58,6 ± 11 anos, p < 0,001), e a proporção de pacientes com história de diabetes ou acidente vascular cerebral foi maior no grupo DAP que no grupo controle [73 (39%) vs. 1472 (26,8%), p = 0,018; 36 (19,3%) vs. 396 (7,2%), p < 0,001). A análise de regressão logística multivariada para eventos adversos hospitalares mostrou que história de DAP (OR = 1,791, p = 0,01), história de diabetes (OR = 1,223, p = 0,001), e idade >65 anos de idade (OR = 4,670, p < 0,001) foram fatores de risco independentes para eventos adversos hospitalares. Conclusão: DAP prévia, idade avançada, e história de diabetes são fatores de risco independentes para eventos adversos hospitalares em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda.

Experiencia de la angioplastía en miembros inferiores en la enfermedad arterial periférica en una clínica privada en el sur de Colombia / Experience of angioplasty in lower limbs in peripheral arterial disease in a private clinic in southern Colombia

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las características de los pacientes sometidos a angioplastía en miembros inferiores, así como establecer posibles asociaciones entre los factores que lleven a complicaciones de la misma. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo de corte transversal durante 18 meses en el que se evaluaron aquellos pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica sometidos a angioplastía de miembros inferiores, sus características demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y las complicaciones postoperatorias. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 158 registros de pacientes con edades entre 30 y 95 años. El 65,2% (n = 103) de los procedimientos se realizaron de forma electiva, los vasos intervenidos con mayor frecuencia fueron la arteria femoral superficial (64%), el tipo de intervención endovascular más frecuente fue la combinación de balón + balón medicado (32,9%), el tratamiento farmacológico postoperatorio más usado fue la combinación de ácido acetilsalicílico (ASA) y clopidogrel (86,1%). Se presentaron 21 casos de complicaciones, la más frecuente fue la amputación menor (52%). Se encontró mayor riesgo de amputación menor cuando el procedimiento quirúrgico es realizado de forma urgente (p = 0,012; OR [IC 95%]: 4,8 [1,4-16,5]). DISCUSIÓN: La complicación posangioplastía con diferencia estadísticamente significativa fue la amputación menor cuando el procedimiento se realizó de manera urgente, esta asociación pudo estar relacionada con el estado clínico del paciente en el momento del ingreso y no con el procedimiento quirúrgico. CONCLUSIÓN: La angioplastía realizada de urgencias fue un procedimiento tan seguro como cuando se realiza de forma programada, dado por la misma proporción de sangrado o disección arterial.

AIM: Evaluate the characteristics of patients undergoing angioplasty in the lower limbs, as well as to establish possible associations between the factors leading to complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study conducted during 18 months in which patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing angioplasty of the lower limb were included, as well their demographic, clinical, and surgical characteristics and the postoperative complications. RESULTS: 158 records of patients between 30 and 95 years were evaluated. 65.2% (n = 103) of the procedures were performed not urgently, the most frequently intervened vessels were the superficial femoral artery (64%), the most frequent type of endovascular intervention was the combination of balloon + medicated ball (32.9%), the most used postoperative pharmacological treatment was the combination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel (86.1%). There were 21 cases of complications, the most frequent complication was minor amputation (52%). A higher risk of minor amputation was found when the surgical procedure was performed urgently (p = 0.012, OR [95% CI]: 4.8 [1.4-16.5]). DISCUSION: The post-angioplasty complication with statistically significant difference was minor amputation when the procedure was performed urgently, this association was related to the clinical status of the patient at the time of admission and not to the surgical procedure. CONCLUSION: Angioplasty performed urgently is as safe as elective procedures, given by the same proportion of bleeding or arterial dissection.

Prevalência de doença arterial periférica e fatores de risco associado em uma população rural brasileira: estudo Corações de Baependi / Prevalence of peripheral artery disease and associated risk factors in a brazilian rural population: the Baependi heart study

A identificação da doença arterial periférica (DAP) pode atenuar a progressão e suas complicações adicionais, uma vez que a DAP é um fator de risco para mortalidade geral e cardiovascular. Avaliar a prevalência de DAP na população do Estudo Corações de Baependi e investigar fatores de risco associados em diferentes grupos etários. Foram selecionados 1.627 indivíduos (ambos os sexos e idade entre 18 e 102 anos) residentes no município de Baependi (Minas Gerais, Brasil). Os parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos foram avaliados por meio de protocolos padrões. O nível de atividade física foi determinado pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física - Versão Curta (IPAQ-SF). A triagem da DAP foi realizada pelo índice tornozelo-braço (ITB). O nível de significância estatística adotado nas análises foi de 5%. Na população total, a prevalência de DAP foi de 1,05% e atingiu 5,2% após os 70 anos de idade. A frequência e intensidade do tabagismo foram maiores nos indivíduos com DAP. Uma história prévia de infarto do miocárdio e maior prevalência de hipertensão, diabetes, obesidade e sedentarismo também estiveram associados à DAP. Além disso, a DAP foi mais frequente em negros que em brancos. Após análise multivariada, a idade, diabetes, tabagismo e inatividade física permaneceram independentemente associados à DAP. A prevalência de DAP foi baixa e claramente aumentou com a idade em nossa amostra de uma população rural brasileira. Além disso, os principais fatores de risco para DAP foram tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes e idade

The identification of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can help prevent further progression of the disease and additional complications, considering that this condition is a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death. To assess the prevalence of PAD in the Baependi Heart Study and investigate associated risk factors in different age groups. A total of 1,627 individuals (of both genders and aged 18 - 102 years) residing in the municipality of Baependi (Minas Gerais, Brazil) were selected for this study. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated by standard techniques. Physical activity level was determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The screening of PAD was performed by determination of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. In the overall sample, the prevalence of PAD was 1.05%, and reached 5.2% after the age of 70 years. The frequency and intensity of smoking were higher in individuals with PAD. A prior history of myocardial infarction and a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle were also associated with PAD. In addition, PAD was more frequent in blacks than whites. In multivariable analysis, age, diabetes, smoking, and physical inactivity remained independently associated with PAD. The prevalence of PAD was low and increased clearly with age in our sample from a Brazilian rural population. Furthermore, the main risk factors for PAD in the investigated sample were smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and age

Does peripheral arterial occlusive disease influence muscle strength and exercise capacity in COPD patients? / A doença arterial periférica obstrutiva influencia a força muscular e a capacidade de exercício nos portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica?

Abstract Background The pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is complex and understanding of it has been changing in recent years, with regard to its multisystemic manifestations, especially peripheral dysfunction and its influence on intolerance to exercise. Objectives To evaluate the relationship between peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) and peripheral muscle strength and exercise capacity in COPD patients. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 35 patients with COPD who were evaluated with the Ankle-Brachial Index, handgrip strength test, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of knee extensors and flexors, and distance covered in the incremental shuttle walking test (dISWT). Results COPD patients with coexisting PAOD had lower dominant handgrip strength test results (33.00 vs. 26.66 kgf, p = 0.02) and worse performance in the dISWT (297.32 vs. 219.41 m, p = 0.02) when compared to the COPD patients without PAOD. Strong correlations were found between the result of the handgrip strength test and both the dISWT (r = 0.78; p < 0.001) and the 1RM/knee extension (r = 0.71; p = 0.03); and also between the dISWT and both the 1RM/knee extension (r = 0.72; p = 0.02) and the 1RM/knee flexion (r = 0.92; p < 0.001). The linear regression model showed that the dISWT variable alone explains 15.3% of the Ankle-Brachial Index result (p = 0.01). Conclusion COPD patients with PAOD exhibit reduced muscle strength and lower exercise capacity than COPD patients without PAOD.

Resumo Contexto A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) apresenta uma complexa fisiopatologia e sua compreensão vem se modificando nos últimos anos, com atenção para as manifestações multissistêmicas, em especial a disfunção periférica e sua influência na intolerância ao exercício físico. Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da doença arterial periférica obstrutiva (DAOP) na força muscular periférica e na capacidade de exercício dos portadores de DPOC. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 35 portadores de DPOC, que foram avaliados pelo índice tornozelo-braquial, teste de força de preensão palmar (FPP), uma repetição máxima (1RM) de extensores e flexores de joelho, e a distância no incremental shuttle walking test (dISWT). Resultados Portadores de DPOC com DAP coexistente apresentaram menor FPP da mão dominante (33,00 versus 26,66 kgf, p = 0,02) e pior desempenho no dISWT (297,32 versus 219,41 m, p = 0,02) quando comparados aos portadores de DPOC sem DAP. Fortes correlações foram encontradas entre a medida da FPP e a dISWT (r = 0,78; p < 0,001) e a 1RM/extensão de joelho (r = 0,71; p = 0,03); entre a dISWT e a 1RM/extensão de joelho (r = 0,72; p = 0,02) e a 1RM/flexão de joelho (r = 0,92; p < 0,001). O modelo de regressão linear identificou que a variável dISWT explica isoladamente 15,3% do resultado do índice tornozelo braquial (p = 0,01). Conclusão Portadores de DPOC com DAOP coexistente apresentam maior perda da força muscular periférica e pior desempenho da capacidade de exercício quando comparados aos portadores de DPOC sem DAOP.

Risk factors for perioperative ischemic stroke in cardiac surgery / Fatores de risco para acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico no perioperatório de cirurgia cardíaca

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for ischemic stroke in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods:From January 2010 to December 2012, 519 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery were analyzed prospectively. The sample was divided into two groups: patients with stroke per and postoperative were allocated in Group GS (n=22) and the other patients in the group CCONTROL (n=497). The following variables were compared between the groups: gender, age, carotid stenosis > 70%, diabetes on insulin, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral arteriopathy, unstable angina, kidney function, left ventricular function, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Ischemic stroke was defined as symptoms lasting over 24 hours associated with changes in brain computed tomography scan. The variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test, Chi square, Student’s t-test and logistic regression.Results:Stroke occurred in 4.2% of patients and the risk factors statistically significant were: carotid stenosis of 70% or more (P=0.03; OR 5.07; IC 95%: 1.35 to 19.02), diabetes on insulin (P=0.04; OR 2.61; IC 95%: 1.10 to 6.21) and peripheral arteriopathy (P=0.03; OR 2.61; 95% CI: 1.08 to 6.28).Conclusion:Risk factors for ischemic stroke were carotid stenosis of 70% or more, diabetes on insulin and peripheral arteriopathy.

ResumoObjetivo:O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os fatores de risco para acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca.Métodos:Entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2012, foram analisados prospectivamente 519 pacientes consecutivos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: os pacientes com acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico (AVEi) trans e pós-operatório foram alocados no grupo GAVEi (n=22) e os demais pacientes no grupo CControle (n=497). As seguintes variáveis foram comparadas entre os grupos: sexo, idade, estenose carotídea >70%, diabetes em uso de insulina, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, arteriopatia periférica, função renal, angina instável, função do ventrículo esquerdo, infarto agudo do miocárdio recente, hipertensão arterial pulmonar, uso de circulação extracorpórea. Acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico foi definido como presença de sintomas de duração maior que 24 horas associados à alteração em tomografia de crânio. As variáveis foram comparadas, por meio do teste exato de Fisher, Qui quadrado, teste t de Student e regressão logística.Resultados:Verificou-se a ocorrência de acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico em 4,2% dos pacientes e os fatores de risco estatisticamente significativos foram: estenose carotídea de 70% ou mais (P=0,03; OR 5,07; IC 95%: 1,35 a 19,02), diabetes em uso de insulina (P=0,04; OR 2,61; IC 95%: 1,10 a 6,21) e arteriopatia periférica (P=0,03; OR 2,61; IC 95%: 1,08 a 6,28).Conclusão:Foram fatores de risco para acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico: estenose carotídea de 70% ou mais, presença de diabetes em uso de insulina e presença de arteriopatia periférica.

Resultados do uso de stents de nitinol superflexíveis na artéria femoral superficial / Outcomes after implantation of superflexible nitinol stents in the superficial femoral artery

As intervenções endovasculares na artéria femoral superficial para o tratamento da doença arterial oclusiva periférica têm crescido nas últimas décadas. A primeira e a segunda geração de stents na artériafemoral superficial falharam em demonstrar a melhora da perviedade do vaso tratado, devido às altas taxas defratura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os desfechos clínicos no curto prazo com o uso de stents de nitinolsuperflexíveis de terceira geração no tratamento de lesões ateroscleróticas na artéria femoral superficial. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, realizado em único centro, no período de junho de 2013 a maio de 2014. Um total de 27 pacientes foi submetido à angioplastia com stents de nitinol superflexíveis de terceira geração em lesões ateroscleróticas da arterial femoral superficial. Resultados: A média de idades foi de 68 ± 12 anos, 55,6% eram do sexo feminino e 74,1%, diabéticos. Os pacientes foram classificados em TASC B e C em 77,7% dos casos. O sucesso técnico foi de 100%. Houve aumento do índice tornozelo-braquial de 0,35 ± 0,1 pré-intervenção para 0,75 ± 0,2 na alta hospitalar. O seguimento médio dos pacientes foi de 6,7 ± 2,3 meses. A taxa de patência primária foi de 96,3%. A taxa de salvamento de membro foi de 100%. Não ocorreram fraturas de stent documentadas por raios X. Conclusões: A angioplastia com uso de stent de nitinol superflexível de terceira geração demonstrou ser efetiva no tratamento das lesões ateroscleróricas da artéria femoral superficial...

Endovascular interventions in the superficial femoral artery for the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease have increased over the last decades. The first- and second-generation stents in the superficial femoral artery have failed to demonstrate improved patency of the treated vessel due to high fracture rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, short-term outcomes of using third-generation superflexible nitinol stents in the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions in the superficial femoral artery. Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in a single center, from June 2013 to May 2014. A total of 27 patients underwent angioplasty with third-generation superflexible nitinol stents in atherosclerotic lesions of the superficial femoral artery. Results: The mean age was 68 ± 12 years, 55.6% were females, and 74.1% were diabetics. Patients were classified as TASC B and C in 77.7% of cases. Technical success was 100%. There was an increase in the anklebrachial index from 0.35 ± 0.1 before the intervention to 0.75 ± 0.2 at hospital discharge. The mean followupof patients was 6.7 ± 2.3 months. The primary patency rate was 96.3%. The limb salvage rate was 100%. There were no stent fractures documented by X-rays. Conclusions: Angioplasty with third-generation superflexible nitinol stent placement was shown to beeffective in the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions of the superficial femoral artery...

Utilidad diagnóstica del índice tobillo-brazo por el método palpatorio en la detección de la enfermedad arterial periférica / Diagnostic utility of the ankle-arm index by the palpatory method in the detection of peripheral arterial disease

Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad diagnóstica del índice Tobillo-Brazo por el método palpatorio comparado conel método Doppler en la detección de la enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes hospitalizados en el Departamento de Medicina Interna del Hospital General San Juan de Dios, durante julio-agosto de 2013.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal de concordancia, en 186 pacientes en el Departamento de Medicina Interna del Hospital General San Juan de Dios, sin diagnóstico previo de enfermedad arterial periférica. Secalculó a cada participante el índice Tobillo-Brazo por método palpatorio y luego con sonda Doppler portátilde 8 mHz. Se analizaron los datos utilizando el índice de Kappa. Resultados: Encontramos 31 pacientes positivos por ambos métodos (palpatorio y Doppler), 5 falsos positivos (solo por método palpatorio), 145negativos por ambos métodos y 6 positivos únicamente por Doppler. Se obtuvo un índice de Kappa de 0.8085el cual corresponde a una adecuada fuerza de concordancia. Conclusiones: La utilidad diagnóstica delíndice Tobillo-Brazo por método palpatorio es apropiada para el diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial periférica,con sensibilidad de 83.3% y especificidad de 96.6% y una apropiada fuerza de la concordancia determinada por el índice de Kappa.

Objective: Determine the diagnostic value of ankle-arm index by palpatory method compared to the Dopplermethod in the detection of peripheral arterial disease in patients hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Department, of Hospital General San Juan de Dios, during July-August 2013. Methods: A cross-matching, descriptive and transversal study in 186 patients at the Department of Internal Medicine, of Hospital GeneralSan Juan de Dios, previously undiagnosed peripheral arterial disease. Each participant Ankle-arm index wascalculated by palpatory method and then with portable 8 MHz Doppler probe. Data using the Kappa indexwere analyzed. Results: We found 31 patients positive by both methods (palpatory and Doppler), 5 falsepositives (just palpatory method), 145 negative by both methods and only 6 positive Doppler. Kappa index of0.8085 which corresponds to a suitable strength of agreement was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosticvalue of ankle-arm index palpatory method is suitable for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease, withsensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 96.6% and an appropriate strength of agreement determined by Kappa.

Study of carotid disease in patients with peripheral artery disease / Estudo da doença carotídea em pacientes com doença arterial periférica

Objective: To study the stenosis of the carotid arteries in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Methods: we assessed 100 consecutive patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in stages of intermittent claudication, rest pain or ulceration. Carotid stenosis was studied by echo-color-doppler, and considered significant when greater than or equal to 50%. We used univariate analysis to select potential predictors of carotid stenosis, later taken to multivariate analysis. Results: The prevalence of carotid stenosis was 84%, being significant in 40% and severe in 17%. The age range was 43-89 years (mean 69.78). Regarding gender, 61% were male and 39% female. Half of the patients had claudication and half had critical ischemia. Regarding risk factors, 86% of patients had hypertension, 66% exposure to smoke, 47% diabetes, 65% dyslipidemia, 24% coronary artery disease, 16% renal failure and 60% had family history of cardiovascular disease. In seven patients, there was a history of ischemic cerebrovascular symptoms in the carotid territory. The presence of cerebrovascular symptoms was statistically significant in influencing the degree of stenosis in the carotid arteries (p = 0.02 at overall assessment and p = 0.05 in the subgroups of significant and non-significant stenoses). Conclusion: the study of the carotid arteries by duplex scan examination is of paramount importance in the evaluation of patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease, and should be systematically conducted in the study of such patients. .

Objetivo: estudar estenose das artérias carótidas nos pacientes com doença arterial periférica sintomática. Métodos: avaliaram-se consecutivamente 100 portadores de doença arterial periférica sintomática, nos estágios de claudicação intermitente, dor em repouso ou lesão trófica. A estenose carotídea foi estudada pelo eco-color-doppler, sendo considerada significativa quando maior ou igual a 50%. A análise univariada foi utilizada para selecionar os potenciais preditores de estenose carotídea, levados posteriormente para análise multivariada. Resultados: a prevalência de estenose carotídea foi 84%, sendo significativa em 40% e acentuada em 17%. A idade variou de 43 a 89 anos (média de 69,78). Quanto ao sexo, 61% foram do sexo masculino e 39% do feminino. Metade dos pacientes da amostra era claudicante e metade tinha isquemia crítica. Quanto aos fatores de risco, 86% dos pacientes apresentaram hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 66% exposição ao fumo, 47% diabetes, 65% dislipidemia, 24% coronariopatia, 16% insuficiência renal e 60% história familiar positiva para doenças cardiovasculares. Em sete pacientes, havia história de alguma sintomatologia cérebro-vascular isquêmica no território carotídeo. A presença de sintomatologia cérebro-vascular mostrou-se estatisticamente significativa para influenciar o grau de estenose nas artérias carótidas (p=0,02 na avaliação global e p=0,05 nos subgrupos de estenoses significativas e não significativas). Conclusão: o estudo das artérias carótidas através do exame de duplex-scan é de suma importância na avaliação dos pacientes portadores de doença arterial periférica sintomática, devendo-se realizar o estudo de forma sistemática nos pacientes. .

Doença cística adventicial da artéria poplítea: causa infrequente de claudicação intermitente / Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery: an infrequent cause of intermittent claudication

A claudicação intermitente está frequentemente associada à doença aterosclerótica, mas diagnósticos diferenciais devem ser pesquisados em pacientes sem fatores de risco tradicionais. A doença cística adventicial, de etiologia incerta, acomete em maior proporção a artéria poplítea e, eventualmente, apresenta-se como claudicação intermitente. Apresentamos um caso da doença e seu manejo cirúrgico, e discutimos a etiopatogenia, os aspectos diagnósticos e terapêuticos da enfermidade.

Intermittent claudication is frequently associated with atherosclerotic disease, but differential diagnosis must be sought in patients with no traditional risk factors. Cystic adventitial disease, of unknown etiology, most frequently affects the popliteal artery, and occasionally presents as intermittent claudication. We report a case of this disease and the surgical treatment, and discuss some aspects related to etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Effects of Beraprost Sodium on Subjective Symptoms in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of Beraprost sodium (Berasil) on subjective leg symptoms in patients with peripheral arterial disease caused by diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Ninety-four diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease were treated with Beraprost in a fixed-dose, prospective, multicenter, cohort study. Beraprost (40 microg) was administered orally 3 times daily (120 microg/day) for 12 weeks. We developed a new disease-specific symptom questionnaire, which evaluated the effect of peripheral arterial disease on leg discomfort in daily life and assessed therapeutic responses to treatment. Patients were asked for their subjective assessment of symptoms on a written questionnaire before treatment and after 12 weeks of therapy. RESULTS: There was significant improvement in all estimated subjective symptoms (burning, coldness, edema, exertional pain, stabbing, and paresthesias) in the lower extremities at 12 weeks (p < 0.001). There were 18 patients with neuropathy in whom significant improvement was noted for 6 subjective symptoms at 12 weeks (p < 0.05). Adverse events considered to be drug-related were observed in 4 patients (4.3%), all of which were mild and resolved with discontinuation of the medication. CONCLUSIONS: Beraprost is effective as a treatment for improving various subjective symptoms in the lower extremities, such as burning, coldness, edema, exertional pain, stabbing, and paresthesias, in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease.